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2.1 Installing the Java Development Kit

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Guides you through compiling and running three typical Java programs—a console application, a graphical application, and an applet—using the plain JDK, a Java-enabled text editor, and a Java IDE.

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This chapter is from the book 

Core Java Volume I--Fundamentals, 11th Edition

This chapter is from the book

This chapter is from the book 

In this chapter, you will learn how to install the Java Development Kit (JDK) and how to compile and run various types of programs: console programs, graphical applications, and applets. You can run the JDK tools by typing commands in a terminal window. However, many programmers prefer the comfort of an integrated development environment. You will learn how to use a freely available development environment to compile and run Java programs. Once you have mastered the techniques in this chapter and picked your development tools, you are ready to move on to Chapter 3, where you will begin exploring the Java programming language.

2.1 Installing the Java Development Kit

The most complete and up-to-date versions of the Java Development Kit (JDK) are available from Oracle for Linux, Mac OS, Solaris, and Windows. Versions in various states of development exist for many other platforms, but those versions are licensed and distributed by the vendors of those platforms.

2.1.1 Downloading the JDK

To download the Java Development Kit, visit the web site at www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads and be prepared to decipher an amazing amount of jargon before you can get the software you need. See Table 2.1 for a summary.

Table 2.1 Java Jargon

Name	Acronym	Explanation
Java Development Kit	JDK	The software for programmers who want to write Java programs
Java Runtime Environment	JRE	The software for consumers who want to run Java programs
Server JRE	—	The software for running Java programs on servers
Standard Edition	SE	The Java platform for use on desktops and simple server applications
Enterprise Edition	EE	The Java platform for complex server applications
Micro Edition	ME	The Java platform for use on small devices
JavaFX	—	An alternate toolkit for graphical user interfaces that is included with certain Java SE distributions prior to Java 11
OpenJDK	—	A free and open source implementation of Java SE
Java 2	J2	An outdated term that described Java versions from 1998 until 2006
Software Development Kit	SDK	An outdated term that described the JDK from 1998 until 2006
Update	u	Oracle’s term for a bug fix release up to Java 8
NetBeans	—	Oracle’s integrated development environment

You already saw the abbreviation JDK for Java Development Kit. Somewhat confusingly, versions 1.2 through 1.4 of the kit were known as the Java SDK (Software Development Kit). You will still find occasional references to the old term. Up to Java 10, there is also a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) that contains only the virtual machine. That is not what you want as a developer. It is intended for end users who have no need for the compiler.

Next, you’ll see the term Java SE everywhere. That is the Java Standard Edition, in contrast to Java EE (Enterprise Edition) and Java ME (Micro Edition).

You might run into the term Java 2 that was coined in 1998 when the marketing folks at Sun felt that a fractional version number increment did not properly communicate the momentous advances of JDK 1.2. However, since they had that insight only after the release, they decided to keep the version number 1.2 for the development kit. Subsequent releases were numbered 1.3, 1.4, and 5.0. The platform, however, was renamed from Java to Java 2. Thus, we had Java 2 Standard Edition Software Development Kit Version 5.0, or J2SE SDK 5.0.

Fortunately, in 2006, the numbering was simplified. The next version of the Java Standard Edition was called Java SE 6, followed by Java SE 7 and Java SE 8.

However, the “internal” version numbers are 1.6.0, 1.7.0, and 1.8.0. This minor madness finally ran its course with Java SE 9, when the version number became 9, and then 9.0.1. (Why not 9.0.0 for the initial version? To keep a modicum of excitement, the version number specification requires that trailing zeroes are dropped for the fleeting interval between a major release and its first security update.)

Prior to Java 9, there were 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the Java Development Kit. The 32-bit versions are no longer developed by Oracle. You need to have a 64-bit operating system to use the Oracle JDK.

With Linux, you have a choice between an RPM file and a .tar.gz file. We recommend the latter—you can simply uncompress it anywhere you like.

Now you know how to pick the right JDK. To summarize:

You want the JDK (Java SE Development Kit), not the JRE.
Linux: Pick the .tar.gz version.

Accept the license agreement and download the file.

2.1.2 Setting up the JDK

After downloading the JDK, you need to install it and figure out where it was installed—you’ll need that information later.

Under Windows, launch the setup program. You will be asked where to install the JDK. It is best not to accept a default location with spaces in the path name, such as c:Program FilesJavajdk-11.0.x. Just take out the Program Files part of the path name.
On the Mac, run the installer. It installs the software into /Library/Java /JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-11.0.x.jdk/Contents/Home. Locate it with the Finder.
On Linux, simply uncompress the .tar.gz file to a location of your choice, such as your home directory or /opt. Or, if you installed from the RPM file, double-check that it is installed in /usr/java/jdk-11.0.x.

In this book, the installation directory is denoted as jdk. For example, when referring to the jdk/bin directory, I mean the directory with a name such as /opt/jdk-11.0.4/bin or c:Javajdk-11.0.4bin.

When you install the JDK on Windows or Linux, you need to carry out one additional step: Add the jdk/bin directory to the executable path—the list of directories that the operating system traverses to locate executable files.

On Linux, add a line suc

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